Posted by M. Riskiyanto
CHAPTER V
ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE
(KALIMAT AKTIF – PASIF)
Mata Pelajaran : Bahasa Inggris
Kelas : XI (Sebelas)
Semester : 1 / Ganjil
Kompetensi Dasar :
3.5 Menerapkan fungsi sosial, struktur teks, dan unsur kebahasaan teks interaksi transaksional lisan dan tulis yang melibatkan tindakan memberi dan meminta informasi terkait keadaan /tindakan/ kegiatan/ kejadian tanpa perlu menyebutkan pelakunya dalam teks ilmiah, sesuai dengan konteks penggunaannya. (Perhatikan unsur kebahasaan passive voice).
A. Active & Passive Voice
1. Pengertian Active & Passive Voice
Active Voice (kalimat aktif) merupakan kalimat yang mana subjek aktif melakukan tindakan atau aksi terhadap suatu objek (benda). Kalimat aktif memiliki struktur kalimat, yaitu “Subject + Verb + Object”. Selain itu, Active voice (kalimat aktif) dalam tata bahasa Indonesia diindikasikan oleh verb atau kata kerja dengan prefix (awalan) “me- atau ber-“. Sementara itu, Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah konstruksi tatabahasa dimana kata atau frasa kata benda yang akan menjadi obyek dari kalimat aktif, muncul sebagai subjek kalimat. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat pasif biasanya diikuti prefix (awalan) berupa “di– atau ter–“ pada verb (kata kerja) yang digunakan. Kalimat pasif memiliki struktur kalimat sebagai berikut.
| *S + Be + Past Participle (V3) + **By (Agent) |
*S atau Subject dalam passive voicemerupakan Objek (benda) yang dikenai suatu tindakan atau aksi.
**by agent merupakan Subjek sebenarnya atau pelaku (seseorang dari tindakan atau aksi tersebut.
Contoh:
§ Active : She watersthis plant every day. (Dia (pr) menyiramitanaman ini setiap hari)
Passive : This plant is watered by her every day ( Tanaman ini disiram oleh dia setiap hari).
§ Active : She met them yesterday. (Dia (pr) menemui mereka kemarin)
Passive : They were met by her yesterday ( Mereka ditemuidia kemarin).
2. Perubahan Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) Menjadi Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif)
Perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif harus memerhatikan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut.
a. Kalimat aktif yang bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif harus memiliki objek, atau berupa kalimat aktif yang mengandung transitive verbs (kata kerja yang memerlukan objek langsung) seperti make, bring, buy, write dan sebagainya.
*) Sebaliknya, kalimat aktif yang mengandung intransitive verbs (kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek langsung) seperti live, cry, swim, go, arrive, dan die tidak bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif.
Contoh :
- Active Sentence: Maria brings a book (objeknya adalah a book, maka bisa diubah ke kalimat pasif)
- Active Sentence: Maria stays at home this weekend(objeknya tidak ada, kata “at home this weekend” merupakan kata keterangan. Jadi tidak dapat diubah ke kalimat pasif).
*) Pola kalimat Nominal (pada setiap tenses), yaitu kalimat yang diikuti dengan 3 Complement, antara lain Adverb (kata keterangan), Adjective(kata sifat), dan atau Noun (kata benda) sudah pasti tidak dapat diubah menjadi bentuk passive voice (kalimat pasif).
b. Ubahlah posisi Subjek dan Objek kalimat aktif, yaitu Subjek ditempatkan di belakang dengan disertai “By” sebelumnya, kemudian Objek ditempatkan di depan kalimat. Perhatikan bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan.
c. Ubahlah verb atau kata kerja yang digunakan menjadi pola “be + Verb 3” sesuai dengan tenses yang digunakan. Contoh:
§ Simple: be (is/am/are atau was/were) + Verb 3;
§ Continuous: be (is/am/are atau was/were) being + Verb 3;
§ Perfect: have/has/had + been + Verb 3;
§ Future: will/would + be + Verb 3;
§ Modal: modal (can/could/should ...) + be + Verb 3.
*) Untuk perubahan Verb (kata kerja) dari active ke passive voice, perhatikan pada table rumus active & passive voice.
3. Rumus Perubahan Active & Passive Voice
Untuk membentuk kalimat pasif, perlu adanya penyesuaian bentuk tenses yang digunakan. Oleh karena itu, perhatikan pola atau rumus tense dari Active Voice ke Passive Voice berikut ini.
| Tenses | Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) | Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) |
| 1. Simple Present | (+) S + V1/ V-s/es + O | (+) O + to be (is, am, are) + V3 + by S |
| 2. Present Continuous | (+) S + is/am/are + V-ing + O | (+) O + to be (is, am, are) + being + V3 + by S |
| 3. Present Perfect | (+) S + have/has + V3 + O | (+) O + have/has + been + V3 + by S |
| 4. Present Perfect Continuous | (+) S + have/has + been + V-ing + O | (+) O + have/has + been + being + V3 + by S |
| 5. Simple Past | (+) S + V2 + O | (+) O + to be (was/were) + V3 + by S |
| 6. Past Continuous | (+) S + was/were + V-ing + O | (+) O + to be (was/were) + being + V3 + by S |
| 7. Past Perfect | (+) S + had + V3 + O | (+) O + had + been + V3 + by S |
| 8. Past Perfect Continuous | (+) S + had + been + V-ing + O | (+) O + had + been + being + V3 + by S |
| 9. Simple Future | (+) S + will/shall + V1 + O | (+) O + will/shall + be + V3 + by S |
| 10. Future Continuous | (+) S + will + be + V-ing + O | (+) O + will + be + being + V3 + by S |
| 11. Future Perfect | (+) S + will + have + V3 + O | (+) O + will + have + been + V3 + by S |
| 12. Future Perfect Continuous | (+) S + will + have + been + V-ing + O | (+) O + will + have + been + being + V3 + by S |
| 13. Simple Past Future | (+) S + would/should + V1 + O | (+) O + would/should + be + V3 + by S |
| 14. Past Future Continuous | (+) S + would/should + be + V-ing + O | (+) O + would/should + be + being + V3 + by S |
| 15. Past Future Perfect | (+) S + would/should + have + V3 + O | (+) O + would/should + have + been + V3 + by S |
| 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous | (+) S + would/should + have + been + V-ing +O | (+) O + would/should + have + been + being + V3 + by S |
| 17. Modals | (+) S + can/ may/ must/ ought to + V1 + O | (+)O + can/ may/ must/ ought to + be V3 + by S |
*Keterangan:
§ S merupakan Subject; V(1/2/3/-ing) merupakan Verb(1/2/3/-ing); O merupakan Object;
§ Penggunaan kalimat pasif dengan perfect continuous tenses biasanya jarang dilakukan karena menghasilkan struktur kalimat yang terlalu rumit dan sulit dipahami. Oleh karena itu, hal ini sebaiknya dihindari meskipun secara tata bahasa benar.
4. Contoh Perubahan Active & Passive Voice
Berikut ini contoh perubahan active voice menjadi passive voice menyesuaikan dengan bentuk tense yang digunakan.
| Tenses | Active Voice (Kalimat Aktif) | Passive Voice (Kalimat Pasif) |
| 1. Simple Present | Mila buys a book. | A book is bought by Mila |
| 2. Present Continuous | Mila is buying a book. | A book is being bought by Mila |
| 3. Present Perfect | Mila has bought a book. | A book has been bought by Mila |
| 4. Present Perfect Continuous | Mila has been buying a book. | A book has been being bought by Mila |
| 5. Simple Past | Mila bought a book. | A book was bought by Mila |
| 6. Past Continuous | Mila was buying a book. | A book was being bought by Mila |
| 7. Past Perfect | Mila had bought a book. | A book had been bought by Mila |
| 8. Past Perfect Continuous | Mila had been buying a book. | A book had been being bought by Mila |
| 9. Simple Future | Mila will buy a book. | A book will be bought by Mila |
| 10. Future Continuous | Mila will be buying a book. | A book will be being bought by Mila |
| 11. Future Perfect | Mila will have bought a book. | A book will have been bought by Mila |
| 12. Future Perfect Continuous | Mila will have been buying a book. | A book will have been being bought by Mila |
| 13. Simple Past Future | Mila would buy a book. | A book would be bought by Mila |
| 14. Past Future Continuous | Mila would be buying a book. | A book would be being bought by Mila |
| 15. Past Future Perfect | Mila would have bought a book. | A book would have been bought by Mila |
| 16. Past Future Perfect Continuous | Mila would have been buying a book. | A book would have been being bought by Mila |
| 17. Modals | Mila can buy a book | A book can be bought by Mila |
| Mila could buy a book | A book could be bought by Mila | |
| Mila may buy a book | A book may be bought by Mila | |
| Mila might buy a book | A book might be bought by Mila | |
| Mila must buy a book | A book must be bought by Mila | |
| Mila ought to buy a book | A book ought to be bought by Mila |
Penting!!!
a) Passive voice (kalimat pasif) dapat diubah menjadi kalimat tanya (question) yaitu “be + Object + V3 + by Subject?”. Untuk pola kalimat negative tinggal menambahkan “not” sesudah be (is/am/are atau was/were), auxiliary verb (has/have/had), dan atau modal (will/can/may/could ...) Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
§ (+) The boy was helped by Mary.
(-)The boy was nothelped by Mary.
(?) Was the boy helped by Mary?
§ (+) The boy is being helped by Mary.
(-) The boy is notbeing helped by Mary.
(?)Is the boy being helped by Mary?
§ (+) The boy has been helped by Mary.
(+) The boy has notbeen helped by Mary
Has the boy been helped by Mary?
b) Biasanya passive voice (kalimat pasif) tanpa “by Subject/Agent” jika tidak diketahui siapa yang melakukan tindakan tersebut “by Subject” atau tidak penting untuk diketahui. Contoh:
§ Rice is grown in India. (tidak penting untuk diketahui)
§ Our house was built in 1980. (tidak diketahui siapa yang melakukan)
§ This olive oil was imported from Crete. (tidak diketahui siapa yang melakukan)
*) mungkin yang “by subject/agent” pada contoh kalimat dia atas adalah by people/ farmers/ someone (tidak diketahui/ tidak penting untuk diketahui).
c) Jika “by Subject/Agent” tersebut diketahui (ingin menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek kalimat) atau penting untuk diketahui maka dicantumkan dalam passive voice (kalimat pasif) tersebut. Contoh:
§ Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain. (penting untuk diketahui)
§ This rug was made by my aunt. (diketahui dan ingin ingin menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek kalimat)
§ That rug was made by my mother. (diketahui dan ingin ingin menfokuskan perhatian pada subjek kalimat)
Demikian tadi sekilas penjelasan Materi Bahasa Inggris Kelas XI Semester 1 terkaitActive & Passive Voice (Kalimat Aktif & Pasif). Semoga bermanfaat dan dapat menambah wawasan baru bagi kita dalam mempelajari bahasa Inggris. Terima kasih...
